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Background:Urinalysis is a procedure for examining physical properties, particulate matter, cells, casts, crystals, organisms and solutes. Urinalysis is a routine screening and diagnostic tool used to identify infections including renal, urological, liver disease, diabetes mellitus and urinary tract infection (UTI). Urinalysis can be used to screen, glucose, leucocytes, nitrite and blood. Although urinalysis is an effective screening tool it should not be used in isolation to guide treatment because false positives, for example, nitrites, and false negatives, for example, glucose, can occur if the sample is contaminated or left to stand for too long. UTI is among the leading reasons for treatment in adult primary care medicine, accounting for a considerable percentage of antibiotic prescriptions. Aim of this study is to identify the markers of urinary tract infection by urine routine microscopic analysis in pregnant women.Methods:This was a two months prospective study from June 1st 2019 to July 31st 2019. Urine samples of 72 pregnant women coming routinely to OPD of GMC,Doda were examined by physicaland biochemical analysisby microscopy methods.Results:Majority of samples were pale yellow with turbid appearance. Protein was present in most of the samples whereas glucose was present in a minor number of samples. Microscopy revealed increase in pus and epithelial cells count in most of the samples while bacteria were present in almost half of the samples.Conclusions:To conclude from the present study that appearance, presence of protein, pus cells, epithelial cell and bacteria, all taken together can serve as a strong indicator of UTI.
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Background: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a procedure of choice as the first line of investigation in diagnosing non-neoplastic and neoplastic swellings of different areas as it has been found to be highly accurate and very useful, cost effective, offer early diagnosis after presentation and treatment. In this present study in Department of pathology, data was collected and scrutinized. Cytology of various sites including breast, head and neck, salivary glands, thyroid, lymph nodes, etc. was done.Methods: FNAC is performed with the help of 21-22-gauge needle attached with 20 ml syringe by taking all aseptic precautions. Total of 70 cases were collected over a period of 4 months from April 2019 to July 2019.Results: Out of total 70 samples maximum number of cases were found in 21-30 years of age (16 cases); Males were 34(49%) and females were 36(51%) in number. 38 cases (54%) were non-neoplastic ,23 cases (33%) were neoplastic and in 9 cases (13%) no opinion was made. This study included 70 cytologically diagnosed cases. Out of which 38 cases (54%) were non-neoplastic, 23 cases (33%) neoplastic and in 9 cases (13%) no possible opinion could be made due to a number of factors like: Material not corresponding of representative area, small size of lesion, wrong technique, cystic areas, hemorrhage and necrosis and small foci of neoplastic lesion.Conclusions: Even though a number of limitations, FNAC has high accuracy in diagnosing benign and malignant lesions of various sites and thus reduces the period between presentation of tumours and their diagnosis which results in early management.
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The most common benign salivary gland tumor is the pleomorphic adenoma (PA). They can attain grotesque proportions and weigh several kilograms. They can cause facial disfigurement and, if untreated, could lead to airway compromise. Authors report a case of a large PA arising from the right submandibular salivary gland in a 48-year-old male. The lesion measured 9cmx8cmx5cm.
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Introduction: Anemia in expectant women is a seriousworld-wide public health problem with adverse pregnancyoutcomes. It remains one of the India’s major public healthproblem irrespective of the fact that it is preventable andeasily treatable. The present study was being done to assessthe severity and type of anemia in a hilly mountaneous regionof J&K India in GMC Doda.Material and methods: The present study was conductedamong the pregnant women coming for antenatal check-up inrural hilly mountanous region of J&K in GMC Doda.In thisstudy of two months duration, A total of 700 pregnant womenwere included in our study in the reproductive age group from18 to 45 years. Hb estimation was done with Sahli,s method.Anemia in this study was defined by using World HealthOrganisation and was classified into mild anemia (Hb 10-10.9g/dl), moderate anemia (Hb 7-9.9g.dl) and severe anemia(Hb <7g/dl). A peripheral smear was also made to study thetype of anemia as normocytic normochromic, microcytichypochromic, macrocytic or dimorphic anemia.Results: Out of total 700 cases, 574(82%) cases were foundto be anemic. The hemoglobin concentration ranged from5-12.5gm/dl with a median of 8.7gm/dl. Majority of thepregnant females were less than 30 years of age . Out of theanemic cases, 60% were moderately anemic followed by28% mildly anemic cases and 12% severely anemic cases.Morphological subtyping showed that majority of the caseshad microcytic hypochromic anemia (43%). Normocyticnormochromic anemia was 25% followed by dimorphicanemia in 27% and 5% cases showed macrocytic anemiaConclusion: The high prevalence of anemia in our study hintstowards more strict measures in investigating and screeningof pregnant women. Screening and treatment of parasiticinfections should also be encouraged. Health educationtalks on nutrition needs, education of mothers should alsobe carried out. Therefore to reduce the deleterious effect onhealth of mother and child early intervention by clinicians isalso needed.